MULKIN MALLAKA

TARIHI ABIN TUNAWA: Yadda Mulkin Mallaka A Nijeriya Ya Kasance Kafin Bada 'Yancin Kai

Daga Sadiq Tukur Gwarzo

Alhamdullah. Shekaru da dama da suka gabata, yankunan da suka hadu suka bada Kasa mai suna Nijeriya, suna karbar bakuna daga sassa mabambanta na duniya.
A baya-baya nan, wajajen shekara ta 1807, lokacin da masarautar Edu ke kan sharafi, turawa na zuwa yankin domin dillancin bayi izuwa turai. Daga baya kuma sai turawa suka dira a lagos, sannan kamfanin su mai suna Royal Oil company ya wanzu a wajajen Shekara ta 1884 wanda mulkin wasu sassan kasar ya koma karkashin jagorancin George Taubman Goldie mai rike da shugabancin kamfanin kenan, shima kamfanin daga bisani ya gusa inda wasu kamfanonin suka kafu. A takaice dai, daga shekara ta 1900 kafin fara mulkin mallaka, kamfanoni biyu ke mulkar sassan Nigeria guda biyu, watau 'Southern Protectorant Company' a kudu, sai kuma 'Northern protectorant Company' a arewacin kasar, masu kamfanonin sun kasance turawan Ingila, sune kuma jagorori masu kula da siye da siyarwa a yankunan. Suna da sojoji da kayan yaki, tayadda suke amfani da karfinsu wajen maganin duk wata barazana.
An ce a shekarar 1884 ne yayin wata tattaunawa tsakankanin manyan kasashen duniya na wancan lokacin a birnin Berlin na kasar Jamus, akayi kasafin yankunan Afirka don fara gudanar musu da mulkin mallaka. Yankunan Nigeria na kudu da arewa duk sun fada ne a hannun turawan birtaniya, sabanin yankin Niger daya fada a hannun faransa da kuma yankin Cameroon daya fada hannun Jamus.
Kasancewar hakan, sai yasa Ingila tayi shawarar hade yankunan wuri daya. An fara wannan aiki tun a shekarar 1912, amma bai tabbata ba sai a shekarar 1914, a lokacin turawa sun kammala cinye duk wata masarauta kenan dake yankin da yaki. A lokacin kuma, sai aka baiwa tsohon shugaban Mulkin mallaka a Hongkong, Sir Lord Lugard mukamin gwamna janar wanda zai jagoranci mulkin arewaci da kudancin kasar bisa umarnin da zai rinka amsa daga can kasar ta ingila. Hakan na nufin Ingila ta karbe ikon mulki daga hannun kowa, yanzu abinda takeso shi za'ayi a yankin.
An ce babban abin tunawa da Gwamna Lugard a iya zaman da yayi a Lagos yana shugabanci shine kokarinsa na dakatar da cinikin bayi da kuma tabbatar da yankunan sun zamo a hade. Masanan tarihi sun bayyana Lugard da mutum ne tsatstsaura wanda baya jure raini daga bakar fata. Sannan kuma duk da kasancewar sa ya taba rike mukamin gwamnan arewa a baya, ance yafi yiwa kudancin kasar aiki. Dalilin hakan na cikin wani tsari daya kafa bisa sahalewar ingila, cewa kowanne yanki zai rinka samun aikace-aikace ne bisa harajin da suke tarawa. A wancan lokacin ana samun haraji mai yawa daga hada-hadar giya a kudu, amma a arewa giya abar kyama ce saboda musulunci.
Matar Gwamna Lugard mai suna Flora Shaw wadda akace yar jarida ce ta kamfanin 'The Times' ta rinka taimakonsa wajen gudanar da mulki. Itace kuma akace ta lakabawa wannan kasa sunan Nijeriya. (Niger area, watau yankin kogin Niger)
A zamanin mulkin Lugard ne yakin Adubi ya barke a kudancin kasar. Inda kabilar Egba ta yankin yarabawa suka dauki makamai tare da lalata titunan layin dogo (jiragen kasa) da kuma hallaka wasu turawa masu wakiltar ingila dake zama a yankin nasu. Dalilinsu nayin haka shine uzzura musu da akeyi wajen karbar haraji, da kuma tilasta musu bisa yin aiki ga turawa. Kamar misalin layin dogo, duk 'yan kasa turawan ke tursasa yin leburan cinsa cikin zafin rana da kishirwa.
Gwamna Lugard dai bai saurarawa mutanen nan ba. Inda ya taso rundunar soji tazo yankin ta yakesu, kuma taci galaba akansu. Allahu Akbar!
Gwamna Lugard ya rinka turawa Ingila bayanan duk wani abu dayayi a shekara. Wani Kundi mai suna 'Blue Book' a 'Encyclopedia Britannica' ya nuna yadda takardun nasa suka rinka kasancewa. A ra'ayinsa kuma, bai dauki bakar fata mutum kamar baturen ingila ba. Saboda yace bakaken fata nada rauni, idan kabasu fuska rainaka zasuyi. Idan kabasu dama kuma yakar ka zasuyi. Shiyasa ya hana baiwa bakar fata ko ɗaya shugabanci a zamaninsa. Ya kirkiri majalisar zartaswa, amma babu bakar fata wakili koda guda ɗaya, sai dai wata majalisa kurum ta jeka-na-yika daya kafa wadda aka tsulma sarakunan mulki aciki, sukuwa basu da ikon cewa kanzil wajen aiwatar wa, sai dai sujira umarni kurum daga gareshi.
A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta na shekarar 1919 ne Sir Hugh Clifford ya amshi mulki bayan Lugard yayi ritayar aiki. Shikuwa abin tunawa ne ko don kundin tsarin mulki daya sabunta, daga wanda Lugard yayi izuwa sabo wanda ya baiwa 'yan k'asa kafar kirkirar jam'iyyu da kuma kamfanin jarida, da wannan damar Herbert Macaulay yayi amfani wajen kirkirar jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko a kasar nan maisuna 'Nigerian National Democratic Party'. Tare da kirkirar gidan jaridar 'west African Pilot'.
Baya da haka, kundin tsarin mulkin ya tanaji wata majalisar jeka-nayi-ka mai wakilai 46 wadda hudu daga cikinsu yan kasa ne suka zabo su daga yankin lagos da ibadan. Amma fa duk da haka, turawa nanan akan bakansu na cewar babu ruwan yan kasa da tsoma bakin su akan yadda ake mulkarsu. Domin babu bakar fata ko daya a sahun majalisar zartarwar sa, duk turawa ne. Sannan arewacin kasar ya cigaba da zamowa saniyar ware, wanda Gwamnati bata cika kula dashi ba a lokacin.
Ranar 13 ga watan nuwamban 1925 ya zama lojacin fara mulkin Sir Graemi Thompson a matsayin gwamna janar mai shugabantar hadaddiyar Nigeria. Shine wanda akace ya zagaya tun daga ikko har zuwa Borno a mota. Sannan ya samar da karin layukan dogo a sassan kasar, ba illa ma a arewa inda harajin gudanarwar aiyuka yayi karanci, amma ance sai rance akayo daga harajin da kudu ke samarwa wajen aiwatar da aiyukan da arewan ke bukata.
Bayan gushewar sa, sai Sir Donald Charles Cameron ya soma mulki a ranar 17 ga watan yuni na shekarar 1931. Ance Mutum neshi mai daraja bakar fata da son hadin kai. Yayi matukar kokari wajen ilimantar da yan Nigeria ilimin zamani ta hanyar bude makarantu a sassan kasar tare da samar da malamai daga turai. An ma taba jiyoshi yana cewa " Mun zo nan Afirka ne a madadin Kasar Birtaniya domin mu koyar da 'yan Afirkan yadda zasu dogara da kansu. Da zarar wannan muradi ya cika, wajibin mune mu gusa gefe. Hakan kuwa zai dauki tsawon lokaci kafin mu cimmasa, amma kafin nan, dole ne duk abinda zamuyi, muyishi bisa wannan muradin" (Extract ID:4918, Wikipedia-Brita

nnica).
Bayan shi sai Sir Bernand Henry Bourdillon, wanda ya soma mulki a ranar 1 ga watan nuwambar 1935. Shi kuwa ya kamata a tuna dashi ko-dan yadda ya janyo sarakunan arewa masu zaman saniyar ware a gudarwar mulki izuwa cikin mulki. Ya ziyarci manyan sarakunan arewa, ya fada musu cewa ba dai-dai bane rashin tsulma bakunan su a salon gudanar war kasarnan, sannan ya shaida musu irin illar da hakan ke iya samarwa. An ce ya fahimci cewa turawan mulki basu cika kula da arewacin kasar ba saboda dalilai biyu; Na farko, tun sanda Sir Lugard yana mulki ya baiwa ingila shawarar cewa abu ne mai wuya yan arewa su mika kai dari-bisa-dari ga turawan mulki, don haka zaifi kyau a mulki arewa ta hannun sarakunan ta. watau sarakuna na mulkar talakawa, turawa kuma na mulkar sarakuna (sabanin a kudanci da turawan ke mulki kai tsaye ga talakawa). Sannan kuma Lugard din ya fahimci jinin yakibda son shugabanci a jinin al'ummar hausa-fulani, shiyasa yake ganin idan aka basu dama zasu yiwa turawan mulki bore. Abu na biyu kuwa shine karancin harajin dake fitowa a yankin.
Don haka, Sir Bourdillon yayi kokari wajen samar da makarantun zamani a yankin arewa, amma dai manufarsa ta ilimantarwa bata cimmu ba tunda kakannin mu lokacin suna k'in bature da kuma kin duk wani abu daya kawo na sauyi a wancan zamani.
Daga nan sai Sir Arthur Richard ya amshi mulki a shekarar 1943. A lokacin mulkin sane yan kasa (mafi yawa daga kudancin kasar) suka fara kiraye-kirayen abasu 'yancin kai. Hakan ya samu ne saboda an fara wayewa, an samo baiwa wasu kasashen yancin kai, sannan uwa-uba, gwamnan yana da sauki kuma. Shiyasa turawa suke kiran Sir Arthur da lusari, saboda acewar su sanyin sane yasa har aka fara yin wannan ikirari. Abin tunawa a mulkinsa shine ya samar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a wanda ya raba kasar izuwa sassa uku, gabas, kudu da arewa. A lokacin sane kuma yakin duniya na biyu ya auku, don haka bai samu nutsuwar aiwatar da manyan aiyuka ba.
A shekarar 1948 kuwa Sai sir John Stuart MacPherson ya amshi mulki, wanda ya mukki kasar har izuwa shekara ta 1955. Shima dai ya sabunta kundin tsarin mulki wanda aka sawa suna 'MacPherson constitution'. Koda yake, ance tsarin mulkin baiyiwa wasu dadi ba, hakan yasa Jam'iyyar NCNC ta tattara kudade daga hannun 'yan kasa ta tura ingila akayi kara, daga bisani ingila ta soke kundin. Sannan yayi sassauci wajen sauya sunan wasu yankuna da kadarorin gwamnati daga sunayen da turawa suka sanya wanda yafi musu dadi, izuwa sunayen da yarukan wurin suka fi ganewa. Abinda a turance ake kira 'Africanization'.
Sir James Wilson shine Gwamna janar na karshe a tarihin mulkin mallaka a Nigeria. Ya soma mulki ne a ranar 15 ga watan yuni na shekarar 1955, sannan ya mika mulki a hannun Mr. Nmandi Azikwe, wanda yake shine bakar fata na farko dan Nigeria, daya fara mulkin kasar, a ranar 16 ga watan nuwamba na shekarar 1960.
An ce Sir Robertson bayan komawar sa gida, ya shiga damuwa da takaici bisa yadda 'yan afirka suka rushe duk wani asasin gina kasa da turawa suka kafa musu a iya zaman su a kasashen Afirka suka shiga yake-yake da juna tare da neman yancin kai a tsakanin su. Ya fadi hakan karara a littafin sa mai suna 'Africa in Transition: From direct rule to Independence, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1974. ya kuma fadi cewar 'yan afirka sunyi kusskuren neman 'yanci tun da farko, domin abinda suka sani yanzu (na yake-yake da almundahna) basu sanshiba a baya, shiyasa tun a lokacin suka rinka matsa lambar korar turawa tare da karbar yancin kai, shiyasa kuma muka yanke shawarar basu abinda suke so..
Wannan dai shine takaitaccen zance game da Shugabannin mulkin mallaka a Nigeria.
Da fatan Allah ya albarkaci wannan kasa tamu da zaman lafiya da kuma yalwar arziki. Amin
Daga Sadiq Tukur Gwarzo