YADDA TURAWA SUKA BINCIKO AFRIKA TA YAMMA
Daga SADIQ TUKUR GWARZO
Tunda jimawa, Labarai masu nayatarwa suka cika kasashen Yammacin Turai dangane da yankin Africa ta yamma. Tatsuniyoyi sun shahara akan haka.
Labarin Attajiri Mansa Musa mai kyautar gwala-gwalai ya zamo abin jimami a Ingila da Turai, haka kuma labarin shaharar Kogin Kwara ba zai misaltu ba a yankin.
A wancan lokacin dai, turawa na daukar birnin 'Timbuktu' a matsayin 'birnin Gwal', domin da haka suke ma garin lakabi, suna kuma da karancin sani game da kogin Kwara.
A kan hakane aka kafa wata kungiya a birnin landan mai suna 'Association for promoting the discovery of the interior parts of africa' a shekarar 1788, wadda kuma akewa laqabi da 'African association'.
Kungiyar, wadda sir joseph Banks ke jagoranta, ta kunshi manyan mutane, masana da attajirai, kuma tana da burin binciko zance mafi gaskiya ne dangane da Birnin Timbuktu, da kuma kogin Kwara.
Wannan yunkuri shine asalin fara laluben turawa a kasashen Africa ta yamma.
Akan haka, an rinka sauraron matafiya da sauran masu binciken tarihin duniya dangane da abinda suka sani game da Timbuktu da kuma kogin kwara.
Ga misalin abubuwan da aka samo;
I. Bayani yazo daga James Bruce dan Kasar scotland, wanda a shekarar 1769 ya isa kasar Habasha, yana cewa "daular Timbuktu karkashin mulkin Muhammadu Askia na ɗaya, tayi matukar karfi a wajajen karni na 13 zuwa na 15, kuma itace ta mamaye mafi yawan kasashen yammacin Africa, tun daga yankin Gambiya da senegal, har zuwa sokoto dake Kasar Hausa. A gabashi kuma sai da ta dangane da kogin kwara. Garin Timbuktu kuwa, yana ɗauke ne da baki masu yawa, kuma gari ne mai cike da arzikin gwal.
ii. An samu labari daga wani masani mai suna Al Hassan Bin muhammad al-Wazziniz zayyati wanda akewa Lakabi da Leo Africanus (ma'ana zakin Afrika) wanda kuma akace iyayen sa na cikin gungun musulman da sukayi gudun hijira izuwa sassan duniya daga birnin Andaluz a shekarar 1492 sa'ar da Sarki Ferdinand da Sarauniya Isabella suka cinye garin da yaki, daga baya ya samu damar ziyartar timbuktu. Yace " Ana kawo hatsi, shanu, madara da man shanu mai tarin yawa izuwa garin Timbuktu duk kuwa da kasancewar garin cikin sahara yake inda babu Koramu da lambuna".
Babban abinda mutanen garin ke musayar kasuwanci dashi shine Gishiri.
Ya kara da cewa "Sarkin Timbuktu attajiri ne na gaske, wanda ya mallaki sulalla na zinare marasa adadi. A koda yaushe kuma idan yana tafiya zaka samu kimanin dawakai 3000 suna rufa masa baya. Sannan yana da tarin likitoci, alkalai, malamai masu wa'azi da sauran masana zazzaune a fadar sa".
Daga wajen Leo Africanus ne kuma turawan ingila suka fahimci cewa Gishiri yana da matukar daraja a Timbuktu, saboda ya ayyana cewa zuwa akeyi dashi daga wani gari mai suna 'Tangaza', wanda yake da nisan Mil ɗari biyar daga Timbuktun. Har ma yake cewa "na taba kasancewa a Timbuktu a lokacin da farashin mangalar gishiri yake dai-dai da farashin sisin gwal tamanin".
iii. Wani bayanin kuma ya samu daga hannun wani mai suna 'Asseed El hage Abd Salam Shabeeniy', wanda akewa lakabi da 'Shabeni', a wajajen shekara ta 1788.
Shebani ya rayu a timbuktu tsawon shekara uku, inda har ya leka kasar hausa, ga kuma abinda ya nakalto "Adadin mutanen garin timbuktu zai cimma dubu 40, banda bayi da kuma baki mazauna garin.
Duk al'ummar garin bakaken fata ne, sannan kuma kusan duk bakon da zaije garin saiya auri 'yar garin saboda kyawun matayen su. Kallo daya tak zaisa ka faɗa so da kaunar su"
Daɗi akan haka shine labarin Attajirin Sarkin Timbuktu Mansa Musa wanda ya baza duniya.
Ance yayi zamani a wajajen Karni na 13, shine kuma ya taba ziyartar Saudiyya da ɗumbin bayi gami da dumbin gwala-gwalai.
Sai dai duk labarannan, babu abinda akeji game da Kogin Kwara, kuma har izuwa lokacin kafuwar kungiyar, ba'a samu wani bature farar fata ba wanda yayi ikirarin yaga Kogin kwara da idanunsa ba.
A shekarar 1790, wani tsohon soja mai suna 'Daniel Houghton' ya tunkari wannan kungiya ta 'African Association', da nufin amsar kwantiragen zuwa Africa ta yamma da kafa don gani da ido. Nan take kuwa kungiyar ta amince masa, ta kuma ɗora masa nauyin ziyartar Tafkin 'Barra kunda' (wani gari dake kasar Gambiya) da kuma Kasar Hausa tare da binciko ainihin inda garin Timbuktu yake, sannan tace tana son ya karkare tafiyar a gaɓar kogin Kwara.
Daga nan, sai ya shiga kokarin koyon ilimin Larabci tare da wani yare na kasar senegal mai suna 'Mandingo' tayadda zai samu damar mu'amala da mutane. Sannan ya sanya ranar fara tafiya.
A watan Oktoba na shekarar 1790, Hougton ya shigo jirgin ruwa, inda bayan wasu kwanaki ya sauka a gabar Kogin Gambia a wani gari da ake kira Barra.
Ya tafi tiryan-tiryan har wani gari mai suna Pisania, daga nan ya riski wani gari da ake kira 'Jonkakonda', daga bisani kuma ya karaso masarautar 'Wuli' a farkon shekarar 1791.
A wancan lokacin, ance Sarkin Masarautar Wuli ya karɓi Houghton da girmamawa, har ma ya bashi mazauni a garin sa mai suna Medina. Sai dai ba'a jima ba abokan hamayyar Sarkin suka kawowa garin hari, inda kuma sukaci nasarar kone garin, har da kayyayakin Houghton na yaki da wasu abubuwa masu amfani nasa duk sai da suka kone. Wannan abu yayi masa ciwo matuka.
Duk da hakan dai, Houghton baiyi kasa a guiwa ba, inda yaci gaba da tafiyar sa yana neman garin Timbuktu. Ance a wajajen watan Mayu na shekarar 1791, Houghton ya bar gaɓar tekun Barra, sannan ya kutsa kai don tunkarar Timbuktu.
A lokacin ne kuma ya turo da sako mai dauke da labarin yadda tafiyar sa take kasancewa.
Sakon ya isa birnin Landan cikin nasara.
Daga nan, Houton ya samu damar gewayawa ta kogin Senegal, shine ma sarkin wani gari a yankin yaci mutumcinsa, da kyar ya samu ya kuɓuta ya isa masarautar 'Ferbanna' dake yankin Bambu na kasar ta senegal acikin damuna ta wannan shekara.
Daga nan ne kuma ya haɗu da wani Matafiyi mai suna 'Madegammo', wanda yayi alkawarin zai yiwa Houghton jagoranci izuwa birnin Timbuktu a kyauta.
Sun fara wannan tafiya ne a watan yulin 1791, shine ma akace Houghton ɗin ya kara turawa da sako izuwa Burtaniy yana mai labarta musu yarjejeniyar da sukayi da matafiyin.
Ya aika da takardar ta hanyar 'yan aike wanda sannu-a hankali sakon ya isa birnin landan. Wannan sakon kuma shine ya zamo na karshe, domin ance daga nan ba'a kara jin ɗuriyar sa ba.
A shekara ta 1793, labari mai tushe ya riski Landan cewar Houghton ya samu kansa cikin wani mawuyacin hali yayin tafiyarsa zuwa Timbuktu, wannan ne yasa tafiyar ta sire masa a zuciya, saboda abokan tafiyar sa sun ribace shi, inda suka sauya akalar tafiyar izuwa wani gari mai suna Tisheet (wanda yake a kasar Mouritania a yanzu). Amma kwana biyu dayin haka, sai Houghton ya fuskanci cewa abokan tafiyar sa na yunkurin hallaka shi, wannan yasa ya tsere musu, ya shiga cikin sahara inda babu ruwa babu abinci a tare dashi, a daddafe ya isa wani gari mai suna 'Tarra', inda kuma cikin rashin sa'a, mutanen garin suka hanashi ruwa da abinci, wannan yasa yunwa ta halaka shi.
Ance gawar Houghton ma mutanen garin kin binne ta sukayi, a karshe sai tsuntsaye ne suka yagalgalata a banza.
Wannan labari yayi matukar ɓatawa Ingila Rai, sannan ya dakushe guiwar masu son jin labarin afirka ta yamma da yawa.
A haka aka cigaba da zama har kimanin shekaru biyu, kwatsam sai ga takarda daga hannun wani baturen kasar Scotland mai suna 'MUNGO PARK', yana neman sahalewar karasa aikin da Houghton ya fara..
Tafiyar mungo park tana qunshe da darasi mai tarin yawa. A cikin tane akaji yadda iyaye da kakanni suka rayu a wancan zamani, da kuma yadda Mungopark ya rinka bibiyar matsalolin da marigayi Houton ya fuskanta, har ma da laifuffukan daya yiwa sarakunan afirka ta yamma a shigowarsu kasashensu, dalilin daya sanya suka tsaneshi har lokacin mutuwarsa!
Daga SADIQ TUKUR GWARZO
Tunda jimawa, Labarai masu nayatarwa suka cika kasashen Yammacin Turai dangane da yankin Africa ta yamma. Tatsuniyoyi sun shahara akan haka.
Labarin Attajiri Mansa Musa mai kyautar gwala-gwalai ya zamo abin jimami a Ingila da Turai, haka kuma labarin shaharar Kogin Kwara ba zai misaltu ba a yankin.
A wancan lokacin dai, turawa na daukar birnin 'Timbuktu' a matsayin 'birnin Gwal', domin da haka suke ma garin lakabi, suna kuma da karancin sani game da kogin Kwara.
A kan hakane aka kafa wata kungiya a birnin landan mai suna 'Association for promoting the discovery of the interior parts of africa' a shekarar 1788, wadda kuma akewa laqabi da 'African association'.
Kungiyar, wadda sir joseph Banks ke jagoranta, ta kunshi manyan mutane, masana da attajirai, kuma tana da burin binciko zance mafi gaskiya ne dangane da Birnin Timbuktu, da kuma kogin Kwara.
Wannan yunkuri shine asalin fara laluben turawa a kasashen Africa ta yamma.
Akan haka, an rinka sauraron matafiya da sauran masu binciken tarihin duniya dangane da abinda suka sani game da Timbuktu da kuma kogin kwara.
Ga misalin abubuwan da aka samo;
I. Bayani yazo daga James Bruce dan Kasar scotland, wanda a shekarar 1769 ya isa kasar Habasha, yana cewa "daular Timbuktu karkashin mulkin Muhammadu Askia na ɗaya, tayi matukar karfi a wajajen karni na 13 zuwa na 15, kuma itace ta mamaye mafi yawan kasashen yammacin Africa, tun daga yankin Gambiya da senegal, har zuwa sokoto dake Kasar Hausa. A gabashi kuma sai da ta dangane da kogin kwara. Garin Timbuktu kuwa, yana ɗauke ne da baki masu yawa, kuma gari ne mai cike da arzikin gwal.
ii. An samu labari daga wani masani mai suna Al Hassan Bin muhammad al-Wazziniz zayyati wanda akewa Lakabi da Leo Africanus (ma'ana zakin Afrika) wanda kuma akace iyayen sa na cikin gungun musulman da sukayi gudun hijira izuwa sassan duniya daga birnin Andaluz a shekarar 1492 sa'ar da Sarki Ferdinand da Sarauniya Isabella suka cinye garin da yaki, daga baya ya samu damar ziyartar timbuktu. Yace " Ana kawo hatsi, shanu, madara da man shanu mai tarin yawa izuwa garin Timbuktu duk kuwa da kasancewar garin cikin sahara yake inda babu Koramu da lambuna".
Babban abinda mutanen garin ke musayar kasuwanci dashi shine Gishiri.
Ya kara da cewa "Sarkin Timbuktu attajiri ne na gaske, wanda ya mallaki sulalla na zinare marasa adadi. A koda yaushe kuma idan yana tafiya zaka samu kimanin dawakai 3000 suna rufa masa baya. Sannan yana da tarin likitoci, alkalai, malamai masu wa'azi da sauran masana zazzaune a fadar sa".
Daga wajen Leo Africanus ne kuma turawan ingila suka fahimci cewa Gishiri yana da matukar daraja a Timbuktu, saboda ya ayyana cewa zuwa akeyi dashi daga wani gari mai suna 'Tangaza', wanda yake da nisan Mil ɗari biyar daga Timbuktun. Har ma yake cewa "na taba kasancewa a Timbuktu a lokacin da farashin mangalar gishiri yake dai-dai da farashin sisin gwal tamanin".
iii. Wani bayanin kuma ya samu daga hannun wani mai suna 'Asseed El hage Abd Salam Shabeeniy', wanda akewa lakabi da 'Shabeni', a wajajen shekara ta 1788.
Shebani ya rayu a timbuktu tsawon shekara uku, inda har ya leka kasar hausa, ga kuma abinda ya nakalto "Adadin mutanen garin timbuktu zai cimma dubu 40, banda bayi da kuma baki mazauna garin.
Duk al'ummar garin bakaken fata ne, sannan kuma kusan duk bakon da zaije garin saiya auri 'yar garin saboda kyawun matayen su. Kallo daya tak zaisa ka faɗa so da kaunar su"
Daɗi akan haka shine labarin Attajirin Sarkin Timbuktu Mansa Musa wanda ya baza duniya.
Ance yayi zamani a wajajen Karni na 13, shine kuma ya taba ziyartar Saudiyya da ɗumbin bayi gami da dumbin gwala-gwalai.
Sai dai duk labarannan, babu abinda akeji game da Kogin Kwara, kuma har izuwa lokacin kafuwar kungiyar, ba'a samu wani bature farar fata ba wanda yayi ikirarin yaga Kogin kwara da idanunsa ba.
A shekarar 1790, wani tsohon soja mai suna 'Daniel Houghton' ya tunkari wannan kungiya ta 'African Association', da nufin amsar kwantiragen zuwa Africa ta yamma da kafa don gani da ido. Nan take kuwa kungiyar ta amince masa, ta kuma ɗora masa nauyin ziyartar Tafkin 'Barra kunda' (wani gari dake kasar Gambiya) da kuma Kasar Hausa tare da binciko ainihin inda garin Timbuktu yake, sannan tace tana son ya karkare tafiyar a gaɓar kogin Kwara.
Daga nan, sai ya shiga kokarin koyon ilimin Larabci tare da wani yare na kasar senegal mai suna 'Mandingo' tayadda zai samu damar mu'amala da mutane. Sannan ya sanya ranar fara tafiya.
A watan Oktoba na shekarar 1790, Hougton ya shigo jirgin ruwa, inda bayan wasu kwanaki ya sauka a gabar Kogin Gambia a wani gari da ake kira Barra.
Ya tafi tiryan-tiryan har wani gari mai suna Pisania, daga nan ya riski wani gari da ake kira 'Jonkakonda', daga bisani kuma ya karaso masarautar 'Wuli' a farkon shekarar 1791.
A wancan lokacin, ance Sarkin Masarautar Wuli ya karɓi Houghton da girmamawa, har ma ya bashi mazauni a garin sa mai suna Medina. Sai dai ba'a jima ba abokan hamayyar Sarkin suka kawowa garin hari, inda kuma sukaci nasarar kone garin, har da kayyayakin Houghton na yaki da wasu abubuwa masu amfani nasa duk sai da suka kone. Wannan abu yayi masa ciwo matuka.
Duk da hakan dai, Houghton baiyi kasa a guiwa ba, inda yaci gaba da tafiyar sa yana neman garin Timbuktu. Ance a wajajen watan Mayu na shekarar 1791, Houghton ya bar gaɓar tekun Barra, sannan ya kutsa kai don tunkarar Timbuktu.
A lokacin ne kuma ya turo da sako mai dauke da labarin yadda tafiyar sa take kasancewa.
Sakon ya isa birnin Landan cikin nasara.
Daga nan, Houton ya samu damar gewayawa ta kogin Senegal, shine ma sarkin wani gari a yankin yaci mutumcinsa, da kyar ya samu ya kuɓuta ya isa masarautar 'Ferbanna' dake yankin Bambu na kasar ta senegal acikin damuna ta wannan shekara.
Daga nan ne kuma ya haɗu da wani Matafiyi mai suna 'Madegammo', wanda yayi alkawarin zai yiwa Houghton jagoranci izuwa birnin Timbuktu a kyauta.
Sun fara wannan tafiya ne a watan yulin 1791, shine ma akace Houghton ɗin ya kara turawa da sako izuwa Burtaniy yana mai labarta musu yarjejeniyar da sukayi da matafiyin.
Ya aika da takardar ta hanyar 'yan aike wanda sannu-a hankali sakon ya isa birnin landan. Wannan sakon kuma shine ya zamo na karshe, domin ance daga nan ba'a kara jin ɗuriyar sa ba.
A shekara ta 1793, labari mai tushe ya riski Landan cewar Houghton ya samu kansa cikin wani mawuyacin hali yayin tafiyarsa zuwa Timbuktu, wannan ne yasa tafiyar ta sire masa a zuciya, saboda abokan tafiyar sa sun ribace shi, inda suka sauya akalar tafiyar izuwa wani gari mai suna Tisheet (wanda yake a kasar Mouritania a yanzu). Amma kwana biyu dayin haka, sai Houghton ya fuskanci cewa abokan tafiyar sa na yunkurin hallaka shi, wannan yasa ya tsere musu, ya shiga cikin sahara inda babu ruwa babu abinci a tare dashi, a daddafe ya isa wani gari mai suna 'Tarra', inda kuma cikin rashin sa'a, mutanen garin suka hanashi ruwa da abinci, wannan yasa yunwa ta halaka shi.
Ance gawar Houghton ma mutanen garin kin binne ta sukayi, a karshe sai tsuntsaye ne suka yagalgalata a banza.
Wannan labari yayi matukar ɓatawa Ingila Rai, sannan ya dakushe guiwar masu son jin labarin afirka ta yamma da yawa.
A haka aka cigaba da zama har kimanin shekaru biyu, kwatsam sai ga takarda daga hannun wani baturen kasar Scotland mai suna 'MUNGO PARK', yana neman sahalewar karasa aikin da Houghton ya fara..
Tafiyar mungo park tana qunshe da darasi mai tarin yawa. A cikin tane akaji yadda iyaye da kakanni suka rayu a wancan zamani, da kuma yadda Mungopark ya rinka bibiyar matsalolin da marigayi Houton ya fuskanta, har ma da laifuffukan daya yiwa sarakunan afirka ta yamma a shigowarsu kasashensu, dalilin daya sanya suka tsaneshi har lokacin mutuwarsa!
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